勉強日記

チラ裏

DNSがよくわかる教科書 ch8 DNSの動作確認 (2/3)

www.sbcr.jp


digコマンドを使った動作確認

権威サーバーの動作を確認する

  • AAビット(authoritative answer)
    • 応答したサーバーが問い合わされたドメインの情報に関する管理権限を持つことを示す
    • cf. 管理権限をもたない情報: グルーレコード等
dig +norec @202.11.16.49 jprs.co.jp A
; <<>> DiG 9.11.3-1ubuntu1.9-Ubuntu <<>> +norec @202.11.16.49 jprs.co.jp A
; (1 server found)
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 3995
;; flags: qr aa; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 4, ADDITIONAL: 9

;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:
; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 4096
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;jprs.co.jp.            IN  A

;; ANSWER SECTION:
jprs.co.jp.     300 IN  A   117.104.133.165

;; AUTHORITY SECTION:
jprs.co.jp.     86400   IN  NS  ns3.jprs.co.jp.
jprs.co.jp.     86400   IN  NS  ns4.jprs.co.jp.
jprs.co.jp.     86400   IN  NS  ns2.jprs.co.jp.
jprs.co.jp.     86400   IN  NS  ns1.jprs.co.jp.

;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:
ns1.jprs.co.jp.     86400   IN  A   202.11.16.49
ns2.jprs.co.jp.     86400   IN  A   202.11.16.59
ns3.jprs.co.jp.     86400   IN  A   203.105.65.178
ns4.jprs.co.jp.     86400   IN  A   203.105.65.181
ns1.jprs.co.jp.     86400   IN  AAAA    2001:df0:8::a153
ns2.jprs.co.jp.     86400   IN  AAAA    2001:df0:8::a253
ns3.jprs.co.jp.     86400   IN  AAAA    2001:218:3001::a153
ns4.jprs.co.jp.     86400   IN  AAAA    2001:218:3001::a253

;; Query time: 5 msec
;; SERVER: 202.11.16.49#53(202.11.16.49)
;; WHEN: Sun Mar 22 16:31:16 JST 2020
;; MSG SIZE  rcvd: 303
  • 権威サーバー202.11.16.49 (ns1.jprs.co.jp.)に問い合わせた
  • 権威サーバーへの問い合わせなので、非再帰的問い合わせ(+norec)
flags: qr aa;
  • rdがない = 非再起問い合わせ
  • aa: authoritative answer

ns1.jprs.co.jp. がフルリゾルバーとして動作していないことの確認

  • 権威サーバー(インターネット上で公開)が意図せずフルリゾルバーとして動作していることは深刻な危険性をはらむ
dig +norec @202.11.16.49 www.google.co.jp
; <<>> DiG 9.11.3-1ubuntu1.9-Ubuntu <<>> +norec @202.11.16.49 www.google.co.jp
; (1 server found)
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: REFUSED, id: 63934
;; flags: qr; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 0, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 1

;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:
; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 4096
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;www.google.co.jp.      IN  A

;; Query time: 5 msec
;; SERVER: 202.11.16.49#53(202.11.16.49)
;; WHEN: Sun Mar 22 16:36:23 JST 2020
;; MSG SIZE  rcvd: 45
  • status: REFUSED
  • flags: qr;
    • ra (recursion available)がない = 名前解決要求をサポートしていない = フルリゾルバーでない
  • 以上から、202.11.16.49 (ns1.jprs.co.jp.)はフルリゾルバーとしては動作していない

フルリゾルバーの動作を確認する

dig www.google.co.jp A
; <<>> DiG 9.11.3-1ubuntu1.9-Ubuntu <<>> www.google.co.jp
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 20794
;; flags: qr rd ad; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 9, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 0
;; WARNING: recursion requested but not available

;; QUESTION SECTION:
;www.google.co.jp.      IN  A

;; ANSWER SECTION:
www.google.co.jp.   0   IN  A   172.217.26.3
ns1.google.com.     0   IN  AAAA    2001:4860:4802:32::a
ns2.google.com.     0   IN  AAAA    2001:4860:4802:34::a
ns3.google.com.     0   IN  AAAA    2001:4860:4802:36::a
ns4.google.com.     0   IN  AAAA    2001:4860:4802:38::a
ns1.google.com.     0   IN  A   216.239.32.10
ns2.google.com.     0   IN  A   216.239.34.10
ns3.google.com.     0   IN  A   216.239.36.10
ns4.google.com.     0   IN  A   216.239.38.10

;; Query time: 10 msec
;; SERVER: 172.19.32.1#53(172.19.32.1)
;; WHEN: Sun Mar 22 16:39:41 JST 2020
;; MSG SIZE  rcvd: 354
  • status: NOERROR
    • 通常応答
  • www.google.co.jp. 0 IN A 172.217.26.3
    • Aリソースレコードを取得できている = 名前解決できている
  • ;; SERVER: 172.19.32.1#53(172.19.32.1)
    • フルリゾルバー172.19.32.1が実際にフルリゾルバーとして動作している

digコマンドの応用 - フルリゾルバーになって名前解決

  • 俺自身がフルリゾルバーになることだ
    • digやdrillを非再帰問い合わせモードで実行

例1) www.jprs.co.jpのAリソースレコードを問い合わせる

ルートサーバーに`問い合わせる

dig +norec @198.41.0.4 www.jprs.co.jp A
; <<>> DiG 9.11.3-1ubuntu1.9-Ubuntu <<>> +norec @198.41.0.4 www.jprs.co.jp A
; (1 server found)
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 9727
;; flags: qr; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 0, AUTHORITY: 8, ADDITIONAL: 16

;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:
; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 4096
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;www.jprs.co.jp.            IN  A

;; AUTHORITY SECTION:
jp.         172800  IN  NS  a.dns.jp.
jp.         172800  IN  NS  d.dns.jp.
jp.         172800  IN  NS  e.dns.jp.
jp.         172800  IN  NS  f.dns.jp.
jp.         172800  IN  NS  h.dns.jp.
jp.         172800  IN  NS  g.dns.jp.
jp.         172800  IN  NS  c.dns.jp.
jp.         172800  IN  NS  b.dns.jp.

;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:
a.dns.jp.       172800  IN  A   203.119.1.1
a.dns.jp.       172800  IN  AAAA    2001:dc4::1
d.dns.jp.       172800  IN  A   210.138.175.244
d.dns.jp.       172800  IN  AAAA    2001:240::53
e.dns.jp.       172800  IN  A   192.50.43.53
e.dns.jp.       172800  IN  AAAA    2001:200:c000::35
f.dns.jp.       172800  IN  A   150.100.6.8
f.dns.jp.       172800  IN  AAAA    2001:2f8:0:100::153
h.dns.jp.       172800  IN  A   65.22.40.25
h.dns.jp.       172800  IN  AAAA    2a01:8840:1ba::25
g.dns.jp.       172800  IN  A   203.119.40.1
c.dns.jp.       172800  IN  A   156.154.100.5
c.dns.jp.       172800  IN  AAAA    2001:502:ad09::5
b.dns.jp.       172800  IN  A   202.12.30.131
b.dns.jp.       172800  IN  AAAA    2001:dc2::1

;; Query time: 67 msec
;; SERVER: 198.41.0.4#53(198.41.0.4)
;; WHEN: Sun Mar 22 16:44:38 JST 2020
;; MSG SIZE  rcvd: 499
  • flags: qr;
    • aaがない: 権威を持つ応答ではなく、委任情報を返す
    • NSレコードと、そのグルーレコード

jp. の権威サーバーへ問い合わせる

  • dを使ってみる
d.dns.jp.        172800  IN  A   210.138.175.244
dig +norec @210.138.175.244 www.jprs.co.jp A
; <<>> DiG 9.11.3-1ubuntu1.9-Ubuntu <<>> +norec @210.138.175.244 www.jprs.co.jp A
; (1 server found)
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 37682
;; flags: qr; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 0, AUTHORITY: 4, ADDITIONAL: 9

;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:
; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 4096
; COOKIE: be87d6adc5a60c63ca2af4365e7717f39d44f7dc4955f36c (good)
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;www.jprs.co.jp.            IN  A

;; AUTHORITY SECTION:
jprs.co.jp.     86400   IN  NS  ns4.jprs.co.jp.
jprs.co.jp.     86400   IN  NS  ns1.jprs.co.jp.
jprs.co.jp.     86400   IN  NS  ns2.jprs.co.jp.
jprs.co.jp.     86400   IN  NS  ns3.jprs.co.jp.

;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:
ns1.jprs.co.jp.     86400   IN  A   202.11.16.49
ns2.jprs.co.jp.     86400   IN  A   202.11.16.59
ns3.jprs.co.jp.     86400   IN  A   203.105.65.178
ns4.jprs.co.jp.     86400   IN  A   203.105.65.181
ns1.jprs.co.jp.     86400   IN  AAAA    2001:df0:8::a153
ns2.jprs.co.jp.     86400   IN  AAAA    2001:df0:8::a253
ns3.jprs.co.jp.     86400   IN  AAAA    2001:218:3001::a153
ns4.jprs.co.jp.     86400   IN  AAAA    2001:218:3001::a253

;; Query time: 5 msec
;; SERVER: 210.138.175.244#53(210.138.175.244)
;; WHEN: Sun Mar 22 16:47:00 JST 2020
;; MSG SIZE  rcvd: 319
  • flags: qr;
    • aaなし: 委任情報のみ

jprs.co.jp.の権威サーバーへ問い合わせ

  • 3を使ってみる
ns3.jprs.co.jp.      86400   IN  A   203.105.65.178
dig +norec @203.105.65.178 www.jprs.co.jp A
; <<>> DiG 9.11.3-1ubuntu1.9-Ubuntu <<>> +norec @203.105.65.178 www.jprs.co.jp A
; (1 server found)
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, status: NOERROR, id: 59976
;; flags: qr aa; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 4, ADDITIONAL: 9

;; OPT PSEUDOSECTION:
; EDNS: version: 0, flags:; udp: 4096
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;www.jprs.co.jp.            IN  A

;; ANSWER SECTION:
www.jprs.co.jp.     300 IN  A   117.104.133.165

;; AUTHORITY SECTION:
jprs.co.jp.     86400   IN  NS  ns4.jprs.co.jp.
jprs.co.jp.     86400   IN  NS  ns3.jprs.co.jp.
jprs.co.jp.     86400   IN  NS  ns2.jprs.co.jp.
jprs.co.jp.     86400   IN  NS  ns1.jprs.co.jp.

;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:
ns1.jprs.co.jp.     86400   IN  A   202.11.16.49
ns2.jprs.co.jp.     86400   IN  A   202.11.16.59
ns3.jprs.co.jp.     86400   IN  A   203.105.65.178
ns4.jprs.co.jp.     86400   IN  A   203.105.65.181
ns1.jprs.co.jp.     86400   IN  AAAA    2001:df0:8::a153
ns2.jprs.co.jp.     86400   IN  AAAA    2001:df0:8::a253
ns3.jprs.co.jp.     86400   IN  AAAA    2001:218:3001::a153
ns4.jprs.co.jp.     86400   IN  AAAA    2001:218:3001::a253

;; Query time: 12 msec
;; SERVER: 203.105.65.178#53(203.105.65.178)
;; WHEN: Sun Mar 22 16:48:52 JST 2020
;; MSG SIZE  rcvd: 307
  • flags: qr aa;
    • 権威のある応答を得た
    • Aレコード:
;; ANSWER SECTION:
www.jprs.co.jp.     300 IN  A   117.104.133.165
  • www.jprs.co.jpIPアドレス117.104.133.165を得た。めでたし

例2) www.ietf.orgのAAAAリソースレコードを問い合わせる

  • 実際のWebサイトの名前解決はもっと複雑
    • 外部名
    • CNAME

www.ietf.org.をルートサーバーに問い合わせ

drill -o rd @199.9.14.201 www.ietf.org AAAA
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, rcode: NOERROR, id: 49814
;; flags: qr ; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 0, AUTHORITY: 6, ADDITIONAL: 12 
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;; www.ietf.org.    IN  AAAA

;; ANSWER SECTION:

;; AUTHORITY SECTION:
org.    172800  IN  NS  a0.org.afilias-nst.info.
org.    172800  IN  NS  a2.org.afilias-nst.info.
org.    172800  IN  NS  c0.org.afilias-nst.info.
org.    172800  IN  NS  b0.org.afilias-nst.org.
org.    172800  IN  NS  d0.org.afilias-nst.org.
org.    172800  IN  NS  b2.org.afilias-nst.org.

;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:
a0.org.afilias-nst.info.    172800  IN  A   199.19.56.1
a2.org.afilias-nst.info.    172800  IN  A   199.249.112.1
b0.org.afilias-nst.org. 172800  IN  A   199.19.54.1
b2.org.afilias-nst.org. 172800  IN  A   199.249.120.1
c0.org.afilias-nst.info.    172800  IN  A   199.19.53.1
d0.org.afilias-nst.org. 172800  IN  A   199.19.57.1
a0.org.afilias-nst.info.    172800  IN  AAAA    2001:500:e::1
a2.org.afilias-nst.info.    172800  IN  AAAA    2001:500:40::1
b0.org.afilias-nst.org. 172800  IN  AAAA    2001:500:c::1
b2.org.afilias-nst.org. 172800  IN  AAAA    2001:500:48::1
c0.org.afilias-nst.info.    172800  IN  AAAA    2001:500:b::1
d0.org.afilias-nst.org. 172800  IN  AAAA    2001:500:f::1

;; Query time: 107 msec
;; SERVER: 199.9.14.201
;; WHEN: Tue Mar 24 00:42:22 2020
;; MSG SIZE  rcvd: 432
  • 委任情報を得る
org. 172800  IN  NS  b0.org.afilias-nst.org.
...
b0.org.afilias-nst.org. 172800  IN  A   199.19.54.1
  • org.のネームサーバーのうち1つb0.org.afilias-nst.org.199.19.54.1にある

www.ietf.org.をorg.のネームサーバーb0.org.afilias-nst.org.に問い合わせ

drill -o rd @199.19.54.1 www.ietf.org AAAA
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, rcode: NOERROR, id: 60529
;; flags: qr ; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 0, AUTHORITY: 6, ADDITIONAL: 0 
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;; www.ietf.org.    IN  AAAA

;; ANSWER SECTION:

;; AUTHORITY SECTION:
ietf.org.   86400   IN  NS  ns1.hkg1.afilias-nst.info.
ietf.org.   86400   IN  NS  ns1.yyz1.afilias-nst.info.
ietf.org.   86400   IN  NS  ns1.sea1.afilias-nst.info.
ietf.org.   86400   IN  NS  ns1.mia1.afilias-nst.info.
ietf.org.   86400   IN  NS  ns0.amsl.com.
ietf.org.   86400   IN  NS  ns1.ams1.afilias-nst.info.

;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:

;; Query time: 56 msec
;; SERVER: 199.19.54.1
;; WHEN: Tue Mar 24 00:48:19 2020
;; MSG SIZE  rcvd: 187
  • 委任情報を得る
ietf.org.    86400   IN  NS  ns1.hkg1.afilias-nst.info.
  • ietf.org.のネームサーバーのうち1つはns1.hkg1.afilias-nst.info.
    • 外部名(out-of-bailiwick)という
      • ietf.org.ドメイン名でもその子孫でもない
      • 委任元org.ドメイン名でもその子孫でもない
    • ADDITIONALのグルーレコードがないので、ネームサーバーのありかがわからない
    • ので、ルートから問い合わせ直し

ns1.hkg1.afilias-nst.info.をルートに問い合わせ

drill -o rd @199.9.14.201 ns1.hkg1.afilias-nst.info. A
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, rcode: NOERROR, id: 20003
;; flags: qr ; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 0, AUTHORITY: 6, ADDITIONAL: 12 
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;; ns1.hkg1.afilias-nst.info.   IN  A

;; ANSWER SECTION:

;; AUTHORITY SECTION:
info.   172800  IN  NS  a2.info.afilias-nst.info.
info.   172800  IN  NS  c0.info.afilias-nst.info.
info.   172800  IN  NS  b0.info.afilias-nst.org.
info.   172800  IN  NS  a0.info.afilias-nst.info.
info.   172800  IN  NS  b2.info.afilias-nst.org.
info.   172800  IN  NS  d0.info.afilias-nst.org.

;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:
a0.info.afilias-nst.info.   172800  IN  A   199.254.31.1
a2.info.afilias-nst.info.   172800  IN  A   199.249.113.1
b0.info.afilias-nst.org.    172800  IN  A   199.254.48.1
b2.info.afilias-nst.org.    172800  IN  A   199.249.121.1
c0.info.afilias-nst.info.   172800  IN  A   199.254.49.1
d0.info.afilias-nst.org.    172800  IN  A   199.254.50.1
a0.info.afilias-nst.info.   172800  IN  AAAA    2001:500:19::1
a2.info.afilias-nst.info.   172800  IN  AAAA    2001:500:41::1
b0.info.afilias-nst.org.    172800  IN  AAAA    2001:500:1a::1
b2.info.afilias-nst.org.    172800  IN  AAAA    2001:500:49::1
c0.info.afilias-nst.info.   172800  IN  AAAA    2001:500:1b::1
d0.info.afilias-nst.org.    172800  IN  AAAA    2001:500:1c::1

;; Query time: 124 msec
;; SERVER: 199.9.14.201
;; WHEN: Tue Mar 24 00:52:46 2020
;; MSG SIZE  rcvd: 434
  • 委任情報を得る
info.    172800  IN  NS  a2.info.afilias-nst.info.
...
a2.info.afilias-nst.info.   172800  IN  A   199.249.113.1
  • info.のネームサーバーのうち1つa2.info.afilias-nst.info.199.249.113.1

ns1.hkg1.afilias-nst.info.をa2.info.afilias-nst.info.に問い合わせ

sh drill -o rd @199.249.113.1 ns1.hkg1.afilias-nst.info. A

;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, rcode: NOERROR, id: 13591
;; flags: qr ; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 0, AUTHORITY: 4, ADDITIONAL: 8 
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;; ns1.hkg1.afilias-nst.info.   IN  A

;; ANSWER SECTION:

;; AUTHORITY SECTION:
afilias-nst.info.   86400   IN  NS  a0.dig.afilias-nst.info.
afilias-nst.info.   86400   IN  NS  b0.dig.afilias-nst.info.
afilias-nst.info.   86400   IN  NS  c0.dig.afilias-nst.info.
afilias-nst.info.   86400   IN  NS  d0.dig.afilias-nst.info.

;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:
a0.dig.afilias-nst.info.    86400   IN  A   65.22.6.1
b0.dig.afilias-nst.info.    86400   IN  A   65.22.7.1
c0.dig.afilias-nst.info.    86400   IN  A   65.22.8.1
d0.dig.afilias-nst.info.    86400   IN  A   65.22.9.1
a0.dig.afilias-nst.info.    86400   IN  AAAA    2a01:8840:6::1
b0.dig.afilias-nst.info.    86400   IN  AAAA    2a01:8840:7::1
c0.dig.afilias-nst.info.    86400   IN  AAAA    2a01:8840:8::1
d0.dig.afilias-nst.info.    86400   IN  AAAA    2a01:8840:9::1

;; Query time: 105 msec
;; SERVER: 199.249.113.1
;; WHEN: Tue Mar 24 00:54:50 2020
;; MSG SIZE  rcvd: 291 
  • 委任情報を得る
afilias-nst.info.    86400   IN  NS  a0.dig.afilias-nst.info.
...
a0.dig.afilias-nst.info.    86400   IN  A   65.22.6.1
  • afilias-nst.info.のネームサーバーのうち1つa0.dig.afilias-nst.info.65.22.6.1にある

ns1.hkg1.afilias-nst.info.をa0.dig.afilias-nst.info.に問い合わせ

drill -o rd @65.22.6.1 ns1.hkg1.afilias-nst.info. A
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, rcode: NOERROR, id: 9654
;; flags: qr aa ; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 4, ADDITIONAL: 8 
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;; ns1.hkg1.afilias-nst.info.   IN  A

;; ANSWER SECTION:
ns1.hkg1.afilias-nst.info.  3600    IN  A   65.22.6.1

;; AUTHORITY SECTION:
hkg1.afilias-nst.info.  3600    IN  NS  d0.dig.afilias-nst.info.
hkg1.afilias-nst.info.  3600    IN  NS  c0.dig.afilias-nst.info.
hkg1.afilias-nst.info.  3600    IN  NS  a0.dig.afilias-nst.info.
hkg1.afilias-nst.info.  3600    IN  NS  b0.dig.afilias-nst.info.

;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:
a0.dig.afilias-nst.info.    86400   IN  A   65.22.6.1
b0.dig.afilias-nst.info.    86400   IN  A   65.22.7.1
c0.dig.afilias-nst.info.    86400   IN  A   65.22.8.1
d0.dig.afilias-nst.info.    86400   IN  A   65.22.9.1
a0.dig.afilias-nst.info.    86400   IN  AAAA    2a01:8840:6::1
b0.dig.afilias-nst.info.    86400   IN  AAAA    2a01:8840:7::1
c0.dig.afilias-nst.info.    86400   IN  AAAA    2a01:8840:8::1
d0.dig.afilias-nst.info.    86400   IN  AAAA    2a01:8840:9::1

;; Query time: 6 msec
;; SERVER: 65.22.6.1
;; WHEN: Tue Mar 24 00:58:00 2020
;; MSG SIZE  rcvd: 307
  • 権威のある情報を得た
ns1.hkg1.afilias-nst.info.   3600    IN  A   65.22.6.1
  • ようやくwww.ietf.orgの問い合わせを再開できる

www.ietf.org.をns1.hkg1.afilias-nst.info.に問い合わせ

drill -o rd @65.22.6.1 www.ietf.org AAAA
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, rcode: NOERROR, id: 26334
;; flags: qr aa ; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 1, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 0 
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;; www.ietf.org.    IN  AAAA

;; ANSWER SECTION:
www.ietf.org.   1800    IN  CNAME   www.ietf.org.cdn.cloudflare.net.

;; AUTHORITY SECTION:

;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:

;; Query time: 6 msec
;; SERVER: 65.22.6.1
;; WHEN: Tue Mar 24 01:00:49 2020
;; MSG SIZE  rcvd: 75
  • 権威のある情報を得た
www.ietf.org.    1800    IN  CNAME   www.ietf.org.cdn.cloudflare.net.
  • CloudFlareを利用しているらしい
  • またルートから問い合わせる

www.ietf.org.cdn.cloudflare.net.をルートに問い合わせ

drill -o rd @199.9.14.201 www.ietf.org.cdn.cloudflare.net. AAAA
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, rcode: NOERROR, id: 2999
;; flags: qr ; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 0, AUTHORITY: 13, ADDITIONAL: 14 
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;; www.ietf.org.cdn.cloudflare.net. IN  AAAA

;; ANSWER SECTION:

;; AUTHORITY SECTION:
net.    172800  IN  NS  j.gtld-servers.net.
net.    172800  IN  NS  g.gtld-servers.net.
net.    172800  IN  NS  d.gtld-servers.net.
net.    172800  IN  NS  f.gtld-servers.net.
net.    172800  IN  NS  k.gtld-servers.net.
net.    172800  IN  NS  c.gtld-servers.net.
net.    172800  IN  NS  m.gtld-servers.net.
net.    172800  IN  NS  i.gtld-servers.net.
net.    172800  IN  NS  h.gtld-servers.net.
net.    172800  IN  NS  b.gtld-servers.net.
net.    172800  IN  NS  e.gtld-servers.net.
net.    172800  IN  NS  l.gtld-servers.net.
net.    172800  IN  NS  a.gtld-servers.net.

;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:
a.gtld-servers.net. 172800  IN  A   192.5.6.30
b.gtld-servers.net. 172800  IN  A   192.33.14.30
c.gtld-servers.net. 172800  IN  A   192.26.92.30
d.gtld-servers.net. 172800  IN  A   192.31.80.30
e.gtld-servers.net. 172800  IN  A   192.12.94.30
f.gtld-servers.net. 172800  IN  A   192.35.51.30
g.gtld-servers.net. 172800  IN  A   192.42.93.30
h.gtld-servers.net. 172800  IN  A   192.54.112.30
i.gtld-servers.net. 172800  IN  A   192.43.172.30
j.gtld-servers.net. 172800  IN  A   192.48.79.30
k.gtld-servers.net. 172800  IN  A   192.52.178.30
l.gtld-servers.net. 172800  IN  A   192.41.162.30
m.gtld-servers.net. 172800  IN  A   192.55.83.30
a.gtld-servers.net. 172800  IN  AAAA    2001:503:a83e::2:30

;; Query time: 123 msec
;; SERVER: 199.9.14.201
;; WHEN: Tue Mar 24 01:02:41 2020
;; MSG SIZE  rcvd: 506
  • 委任情報を得た
net. 172800  IN  NS  d.gtld-servers.net.
...
d.gtld-servers.net. 172800  IN  A   192.31.80.30
  • net.のネームサーバーのうち1つd.gtld-servers.net.192.31.80.30

www.ietf.org.cdn.cloudflare.net.をd.gtld-servers.net.に問い合わせ

drill -o rd @192.31.80.30 www.ietf.org.cdn.cloudflare.net. AAAA
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, rcode: NOERROR, id: 2358
;; flags: qr ; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 0, AUTHORITY: 5, ADDITIONAL: 10 
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;; www.ietf.org.cdn.cloudflare.net. IN  AAAA

;; ANSWER SECTION:

;; AUTHORITY SECTION:
cloudflare.net. 172800  IN  NS  ns1.cloudflare.net.
cloudflare.net. 172800  IN  NS  ns2.cloudflare.net.
cloudflare.net. 172800  IN  NS  ns3.cloudflare.net.
cloudflare.net. 172800  IN  NS  ns4.cloudflare.net.
cloudflare.net. 172800  IN  NS  ns5.cloudflare.net.

;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:
ns1.cloudflare.net. 172800  IN  A   173.245.59.31
ns1.cloudflare.net. 172800  IN  AAAA    2400:cb00:2049:1::adf5:3b1f
ns2.cloudflare.net. 172800  IN  A   198.41.222.131
ns2.cloudflare.net. 172800  IN  AAAA    2400:cb00:2049:1::c629:de83
ns3.cloudflare.net. 172800  IN  A   198.41.222.31
ns3.cloudflare.net. 172800  IN  AAAA    2400:cb00:2049:1::c629:de1f
ns4.cloudflare.net. 172800  IN  A   198.41.223.131
ns4.cloudflare.net. 172800  IN  AAAA    2400:cb00:2049:1::c629:df83
ns5.cloudflare.net. 172800  IN  A   198.41.223.31
ns5.cloudflare.net. 172800  IN  AAAA    2400:cb00:2049:1::c629:df1f

;; Query time: 161 msec
;; SERVER: 192.31.80.30
;; WHEN: Tue Mar 24 01:03:57 2020
;; MSG SIZE  rcvd: 359
  • 委任情報を得た
cloudflare.net.  172800  IN  NS  ns4.cloudflare.net.
...
ns4.cloudflare.net. 172800  IN  A   198.41.223.131
  • cloudflare.net.のネームサーバーのうち1つns4.cloudflare.net.198.41.223.131

www.ietf.org.cdn.cloudflare.net.をns4.cloudflare.net.に問い合わせる

drill -o rd @198.41.223.131 www.ietf.org.cdn.cloudflare.net. AAAA
;; ->>HEADER<<- opcode: QUERY, rcode: NOERROR, id: 43268
;; flags: qr aa ; QUERY: 1, ANSWER: 2, AUTHORITY: 0, ADDITIONAL: 0 
;; QUESTION SECTION:
;; www.ietf.org.cdn.cloudflare.net. IN  AAAA

;; ANSWER SECTION:
www.ietf.org.cdn.cloudflare.net.    300 IN  AAAA    2606:4700:10::6814:155
www.ietf.org.cdn.cloudflare.net.    300 IN  AAAA    2606:4700:10::6814:55

;; AUTHORITY SECTION:

;; ADDITIONAL SECTION:

;; Query time: 7 msec
;; SERVER: 198.41.223.131
;; WHEN: Tue Mar 24 01:05:45 2020
;; MSG SIZE  rcvd: 105
  • 権威のある応答を得た
www.ietf.org.cdn.cloudflare.net. 300 IN  AAAA    2606:4700:10::6814:155
www.ietf.org.cdn.cloudflare.net.    300 IN  AAAA    2606:4700:10::6814:55
  • www.ietf.org.の正規名www.ietf.org.cdn.cloudflare.net.IPv6アドレスは次の2つである:
    • 2606:4700:10::6814:155
    • 2606:4700:10::6814:55